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Staphylococcus

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">Streptococcus</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Staph" redirects here; not to be confused with <a href="Staff_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Staff (disambiguation)">Staff</a>.</div>

<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)">Staphylococcus

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="Scanning_electron_micrograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanning electron micrograph">Scanning electron micrograph</a> of S. aureus colonies: Note the grape-like clustering common to Staphylococcus species.

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a>

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<td>Domain:

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<td><a href="Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a>

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<td>Kingdom:

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<td><a href="Bacillati" title="Bacillati">Bacillati</a>

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<td>Phylum:

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<td><a href="Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a>

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<td>Class:

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<td><a href="Bacilli" title="Bacilli">Bacilli</a>

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<td>Order:

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<td><a href="Bacillales" title="Bacillales">Bacillales</a>

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<td>Family:

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<td><a href="Staphylococcaceae" title="Staphylococcaceae">Staphylococcaceae</a>

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<td>Genus:

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<td> <a href="Friedrich_Julius_Rosenbach" title="Friedrich Julius Rosenbach">Rosenbach</a> 1884

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)">Species

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<ul><li><a href="Staphylococcus_agnetis" title="Staphylococcus agnetis">S. agnetis</a></li>

<li>S. americanisciuri</li>

<li>S. argensis</li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_argenteus" title="Staphylococcus argenteus">S. argenteus</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_arlettae" title="Staphylococcus arlettae">S. arlettae</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">S. aureus</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_auricularis" title="Staphylococcus auricularis">S. auricularis</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_borealis" title="Staphylococcus borealis">S. borealis</a></li>

<li>S. brunensis</li>

<li>S. caeli</li>

<li>S. caledonicus</li>

<li>S. canis</li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_capitis" title="Staphylococcus capitis">S. capitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_caprae" title="Staphylococcus caprae">S. caprae</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_carnosus" title="Staphylococcus carnosus">S. carnosus</a></li>

<li>S. caseolyticus</li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_chromogenes" title="Staphylococcus chromogenes">S. chromogenes</a></li>

<li>S. coagulans</li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_cohnii" title="Staphylococcus cohnii">S. cohnii</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_condimenti" title="Staphylococcus condimenti">S. condimenti</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_cornubiensis" title="Staphylococcus cornubiensis">S. cornubiensis</a></li>

<li>S. croceilyticus</li>

<li>S. debuckii</li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_delphini" title="Staphylococcus delphini">S. delphini</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_devriesei" title="Staphylococcus devriesei">S. devriesei</a></li>

<li>S. durrellii</li>

<li>S. edaphicus</li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_epidermidis" title="Staphylococcus epidermidis">S. epidermidis</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_equorum" title="Staphylococcus equorum">S. equorum</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_felis" title="Staphylococcus felis">S. felis</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_fleurettii" title="Staphylococcus fleurettii">S. fleurettii</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_gallinarum" title="Staphylococcus gallinarum">S. gallinarum</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_haemolyticus" title="Staphylococcus haemolyticus">S. haemolyticus</a></li>

<li>S. hsinchuensis</li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_hominis" title="Staphylococcus hominis">S. hominis</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_hyicus" title="Staphylococcus hyicus">S. hyicus</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_intermedius" title="Staphylococcus intermedius">S. intermedius</a></li>

<li>S. jettensis</li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_kloosii" title="Staphylococcus kloosii">S. kloosii</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_lentus" title="Staphylococcus lentus">S. lentus</a></li>

<li>S. lloydii</li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_lutrae" title="Staphylococcus lutrae">S. lutrae</a></li>

<li>S. marylandisciuri</li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_massiliensis" title="Staphylococcus massiliensis">S. massiliensis</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_microti" title="Staphylococcus microti">S. microti</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_muscae" title="Staphylococcus muscae">S. muscae</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_nepalensis" title="Staphylococcus nepalensis">S. nepalensis</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_pasteuri" title="Staphylococcus pasteuri">S. pasteuri</a></li>

<li>S. petrasii</li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_pettenkoferi" title="Staphylococcus pettenkoferi">S. pettenkoferi</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_piscifermentans" title="Staphylococcus piscifermentans">S. piscifermentans</a></li>

<li>S. pragensis</li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_pseudintermedius" title="Staphylococcus pseudintermedius">S. pseudintermedius</a></li>

<li>S. pseudoxylosus</li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_pulvereri" class="mw-redirect" title="Staphylococcus pulvereri">S. pulvereri</a></li>

<li>S. ratti</li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_rostri" title="Staphylococcus rostri">S. rostri</a></li>

<li>S. roterodami</li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_saccharolyticus" title="Staphylococcus saccharolyticus">S. saccharolyticus</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_saprophyticus" title="Staphylococcus saprophyticus">S. saprophyticus</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_schleiferi" title="Staphylococcus schleiferi">S. schleiferi</a></li>

<li>S. schweitzeri</li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_sciuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Staphylococcus sciuri">S. sciuri</a></li>

<li>S. shinii</li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_simiae" title="Staphylococcus simiae">S. simiae</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_simulans" title="Staphylococcus simulans">S. simulans</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_singaporensis" title="Staphylococcus singaporensis">S. singaporensis</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_stepanovicii" title="Staphylococcus stepanovicii">S. stepanovicii</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_succinus" title="Staphylococcus succinus">S. succinus</a></li>

<li>S. taiwanensis</li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_vitulinus" title="Staphylococcus vitulinus">S. vitulinus</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_warneri" title="Staphylococcus warneri">S. warneri</a></li>

<li><a href="Staphylococcus_xylosus" title="Staphylococcus xylosus">S. xylosus</a></li></ul>

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Staphylococcus, from <a href="Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> σταφυλή (staphulḗ), meaning "bunch of grapes", and κόκκος (kókkos), meaning "kernel" or "<a href="Kermes_(insect)" title="Kermes (insect)">Kermes</a>",<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> is a <a href="Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="Gram-positive" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-positive">Gram-positive</a> <a href="Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> in the family <a href="Staphylococcaceae" title="Staphylococcaceae">Staphylococcaceae</a> from the order <a href="Bacillales" title="Bacillales">Bacillales</a>. Under the <a href="Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a>, they appear spherical (<a href="Cocci" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocci">cocci</a>), and form in <a href="Grape" title="Grape">grape</a>-like clusters. Staphylococcus species are <a href="Facultative_anaerobic_organism" title="Facultative anaerobic organism">facultative anaerobic organisms</a> (capable of growth both aerobically and anaerobically).

The name was coined in 1880 by Scottish surgeon and bacteriologist <a href="Alexander_Ogston" title="Alexander Ogston">Alexander Ogston</a> (1844–1929), following the pattern established five years earlier with the naming of <a href="Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">Streptococcus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> It combines the prefix "staphylo-" (from <a href="Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: σταφυλή, <a href="Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: staphylē, <a href="Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'bunch of grapes'<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>), and suffixed by the <a href="New_Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="New Latin language">New Latin</a>: coccus, <a href="Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'spherical bacterium' (from Ancient Greek: κόκκος, romanized: kókkos, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'grain, seed, berry'<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>).

Staphylococcus was one of the leading infections in hospitals and many strains of this bacterium have become <a href="Antibiotic_resistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic resistant">antibiotic resistant</a>. Despite strong attempts to get rid of them, staphylococcus bacteria stay present in hospitals, where they can infect people who are most at risk of infection.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

Staphylococcus includes at least 44 species. Of these, nine have two <a href="Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>, one has three subspecies, and one has four subspecies.<a href="#cite_note-Harris_L.G,_Foster_S.J_2002-7">[7]</a> Many species cannot cause disease and reside normally on the <a href="Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> and <a href="Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membranes</a> of humans and other <a href="Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">animals</a>. Staphylococcus species have been found to be <a href="Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar-inhabiting</a> microbes.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> They are also a small component of the <a href="Soil_biology" title="Soil biology">soil microbiome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brock-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div>

The taxonomy is based on 16s <a href="RRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RRNA">rRNA</a> sequences,<a href="#cite_note-Takahashi1999-10">[10]</a> and most of the staphylococcal species fall into 11 clusters:

<ol><li>S. aureus group – S. argenteus, S. aureus, S. schweitzeri, S. simiae</li>

<li>S. auricularis group – S. auricularis</li>

<li>S. carnosus group – S. carnosus, S. condimenti, S. debuckii, S. massiliensis, S. piscifermentans, S. simulans</li>

<li>S. epidermidis group – S. capitis, S. caprae, S. epidermidis, S. saccharolyticus</li>

<li>S. haemolyticus group – S. borealis, S. devriesei, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis</li>

<li>S. hyicus-intermedius group – S. agnetis, S. chromogenes, S. cornubiensis, S. felis, S. delphini, S. hyicus, S. intermedius, S. lutrae, S. microti, S. muscae, S. pseudintermedius, S. rostri, S. schleiferi</li>

<li>S. lugdunensis group – S. lugdunensis</li>

<li>S. saprophyticus group – S. arlettae, S. caeli, S. cohnii, S. equorum, S. gallinarum, S. kloosii, S. nepalensis, S. saprophyticus, S. succinus, S. xylosus</li>

<li>S. sciuri group – S. fleurettii, S. lentus, S. sciuri, S. stepanovicii, S. vitulinus</li>

<li>S. simulans group – S. simulans</li>

<li>S. warneri group – S. pasteuri, S. warneri</li></ol>

A twelfth group – that of S. caseolyticus – has now been removed to a new genus, <a href="Macrococcus" title="Macrococcus">Macrococcus</a>, the species of which are currently the closest known relatives of Staphylococcus.<a href="#cite_note-Kloos1998-11">[11]</a>

Two species were described in 2015 – <a href="Staphylococcus_argenteus" title="Staphylococcus argenteus">Staphylococcus argenteus</a> and Staphylococcus schweitzeri – both of which were previously considered variants of S. aureus.<a href="#cite_note-Tong2015-12">[12]</a>

A new coagulase negative species – Staphylococcus edaphicus – has been isolated from <a href="Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> This species is probably a member of the S. saprophyticus group.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Groups">Groups</h3></div>

Based on an analysis of orthologous gene content three groups (A, B and C) have been proposed.<a href="#cite_note-Coates-Brown2018-14">[14]</a>

Group A includes S. aureus, S. borealis, S. capitis, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. lugdunensis, S. pettenkoferi, S. simiae and S. warneri.

Group B includes S. arlettae, S. cohnii, S. equorum, S. saprophyticus and S. xylosus.

Group C includes S. delphini, S. intermedius and S. pseudintermedius.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div>

The S. saprophyticus and S. sciuri groups are generally <a href="Novobiocin" title="Novobiocin">novobiocin</a>-resistant, as is S. hominis subsp. novobiosepticus.

Members of the S. sciuri group are <a href="Oxidase" title="Oxidase">oxidase</a>-positive due to their possession of the enzyme <a href="Cytochrome_c_oxidase" title="Cytochrome c oxidase">cytochrome c oxidase</a>. This group is the only clade within the staphylococci to possess this gene.

The S. sciuri group appears to be the closest relations to the genus <a href="Macrococcus" title="Macrococcus">Macrococcus</a>.

S. pulvereri has been shown to be a junior synonym of S. vitulinus.<a href="#cite_note-Svec2004-15">[15]</a>

Within these clades, the S. haemolyticus and S. simulans groups appear to be related, as do the S. aureus and S. epidermidis groups.<a href="#cite_note-Ghebremedhin2008-16">[16]</a>

S. lugdunensis appears to be related to the S. haemolyticus group.

S. petrasii may be related to S. haemolyticus, but this needs to be confirmed.

The taxonomic position of S. lyticans,S. petrasii, and S. pseudolugdunensis has yet to be clarified. The published descriptions of these species do not appear to have been validly published.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biochemical_identification">Biochemical identification</h2></div>

Assignment of a strain to the genus Staphylococcus requires it to be a <a href="Gram-positive" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-positive">Gram-positive</a> <a href="Coccus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccus">coccus</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a> that forms clusters, has an appropriate <a href="Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a> structure (including <a href="Peptidoglycan" title="Peptidoglycan">peptidoglycan</a> type and teichoic acid presence) and G + C content of DNA in a range of 30–40 mol%.

Staphylococcus species can be differentiated from other aerobic and facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive cocci by several simple tests.<a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a> Staphylococcus species are facultative <a href="Anaerobes" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaerobes">anaerobes</a> (capable of growth both aerobically and anaerobically).<a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a> All species grow in the presence of <a href="Bile_salts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bile salts">bile salts</a>.

All strains of Staphylococcus aureus were once thought to be coagulase-positive, but this has since been disproven.<a href="#cite_note-Sherris-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNSA-20">[20]</a>

Growth can also occur in a 6.5% NaCl solution.<a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a> On <a href="Baird-Parker_agar" title="Baird-Parker agar">Baird-Parker medium</a>, Staphylococcus species grow fermentatively, except for S. saprophyticus, which grows oxidatively. Staphylococcus species are resistant to <a href="Bacitracin" title="Bacitracin">bacitracin</a> (0.04 U disc: resistance = < 10 mm zone of inhibition) and susceptible to <a href="Furazolidone" title="Furazolidone">furazolidone</a> (100 μg disc: resistance = < 15 mm zone of inhibition). Further biochemical testing is needed to identify to the species level.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coagulase_production">Coagulase production</h2></div>

One of the most important phenotypical features used in the classification of staphylococci is their ability to produce <a href="Coagulase" title="Coagulase">coagulase</a>, an enzyme that causes <a href="Blood_clot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood clot">blood clot</a> formation.

Seven species are currently recognised as being coagulase-positive: S. aureus, S. delphini, S. hyicus, S. intermedius, S. lutrae, S. pseudintermedius, and S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans. These species belong to two separate groups – the S. aureus (S. aureus alone) group and the S. hyicus-intermedius group (the remaining five).

<a href="Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">S. aureus</a> is coagulase-positive, meaning it produces coagulase. However, while the majority of S. aureus strains are coagulase-positive, some may be atypical in that they do not produce coagulase. S. aureus is <a href="Catalase" title="Catalase">catalase</a>-positive (meaning that it can produce the enzyme catalase) and able to convert <a href="Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> (H2O2) to water and oxygen, which makes the catalase test useful to distinguish staphylococci from <a href="Enterococcus" title="Enterococcus">enterococci</a> and <a href="Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">streptococci</a>.

<a href="Staphylococcus_pseudintermedius" title="Staphylococcus pseudintermedius">S. pseudintermedius</a> inhabits and sometimes infects the skin of domestic dogs and cats. This organism, too, can carry the genetic material that imparts multiple bacterial resistance. It is rarely implicated in infections in humans, as a <a href="Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">zoonosis</a>.

<a href="Staphylococcus_epidermidis" title="Staphylococcus epidermidis">S. epidermidis</a>, a coagulase-negative species, is a <a href="Commensal" class="mw-redirect" title="Commensal">commensal</a> of the skin, but can cause severe infections in <a href="Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">immunosuppressed</a> patients and those with <a href="Central_venous_catheters" class="mw-redirect" title="Central venous catheters">central venous catheters</a>.

<a href="Staphylococcus_saprophyticus" title="Staphylococcus saprophyticus">S. saprophyticus</a>, another coagulase-negative species that is part of the normal <a href="Vaginal_flora" title="Vaginal flora">vaginal flora</a>, is predominantly implicated in <a href="Genitourinary_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitourinary tract">genitourinary tract</a> infections in sexually active young women.

In recent years, several other Staphylococcus species have been implicated in human infections, notably <a href="Staphylococcus_lugdunensis" title="Staphylococcus lugdunensis">S. lugdunensis</a>, <a href="Staphylococcus_schleiferi" title="Staphylococcus schleiferi">S. schleiferi</a>, and <a href="Staphylococcus_caprae" title="Staphylococcus caprae">S. caprae</a>.

Common abbreviations for coagulase-negative staphylococci are CoNS, CNS, or CNST.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The <a href="American_Society_for_Microbiology" title="American Society for Microbiology">American Society for Microbiology</a> abbreviates coagulase-negative staphylococci as "CoNS".

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genomics_and_molecular_biology">Genomics and molecular biology</h2></div>

The first S. aureus <a href="Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a> to be sequenced were those of N315 and Mu50, in 2001. Many more complete S. aureus genomes have been submitted to the public databases, making it one of the most extensively sequenced bacteria. The use of genomic data is now widespread and provides a valuable resource for researchers working with S. aureus. Whole genome technologies, such as sequencing projects and <a href="Microarray" title="Microarray">microarrays</a>, have shown an enormous variety of S. aureus strains. Each contains different combinations of surface proteins and different <a href="Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a>. Relating this information to pathogenic behaviour is one of the major areas of staphylococcal research. The development of molecular typing methods has enabled the tracking of different strains of S. aureus. This may lead to better control of outbreak strains. A greater understanding of how the staphylococci evolve, especially due to the acquisition of mobile genetic elements encoding resistance and virulence genes is helping to identify new outbreak strains and may even prevent their emergence.<a href="#cite_note-LindsayJ-22">[22]</a>

The widespread incidence of <a href="Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">antibiotic resistance</a> across various strains of S. aureus, or across different species of Staphylococcus has been attributed to <a href="Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">horizontal gene transfer</a> of genes encoding antibiotic/metal resistance and virulence. A recent study demonstrated the extent of horizontal gene transfer among Staphylococcus to be much greater than previously expected, and encompasses genes with functions beyond antibiotic resistance and virulence, and beyond genes residing within the <a href="Mobile_genetic_elements" title="Mobile genetic elements">mobile genetic elements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

Various strains of Staphylococcus are available from biological research centres, such as the <a href="National_Collection_of_Type_Cultures" title="National Collection of Type Cultures">National Collection of Type Cultures</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Host_range">Host range</h2></div>

Members of the genus Staphylococcus frequently colonize the skin and upper respiratory tracts of mammals and birds and also in <a href="Sponge" title="Sponge">marine sponge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a> Marine sponge associated Staphylococcus species are highly salt tolerant.<a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a> Some species specificity has been observed in host range, such that the Staphylococcus species observed on some animals appear more rarely on more distantly related host species.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7002032-24">[24]</a>

Some of the observed host specificity includes:

<ul><li>S. arlattae – <a href="Chicken" title="Chicken">chickens</a>, <a href="Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>, <a href="Sponge" title="Sponge">marine sponge</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a></li>

<li>S. aureus – humans,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> cattle</li>

<li>S. auricularis – <a href="Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>, <a href="Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>, humans</li>

<li>S. borealis – <a href="Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">humans</a>, <a href="Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a></li>

<li>S. capitis – humans</li>

<li>S. caprae – goats, humans</li>

<li>S. cohnii – chickens, humans</li>

<li>S. delphini – <a href="Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a></li>

<li>S. devriesei – <a href="Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a></li>

<li>S. epidermidis – humans, <a href="Sponge" title="Sponge">marine sponge</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a></li>

<li>S. equorum – <a href="Horse" title="Horse">horses</a></li>

<li>S. felis – <a href="Cat" title="Cat">cats</a></li>

<li>S. fleurettii – goats</li>

<li>S. gallinarum – chickens, goats, <a href="Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasants</a></li>

<li>S. haemolyticus – humans, <a href="Cercocebus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cercocebus">Cercocebus</a>, <a href="Erythrocebus" title="Erythrocebus">Erythrocebus</a>, <a href="Lemur" title="Lemur">Lemur</a>, <a href="Lepidium_meyenii" title="Lepidium meyenii">Macca</a>, <a href="Microcebus" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcebus">Microcebus</a>, <a href="Pan_(genus)" title="Pan (genus)">Pan</a></li>

<li>S. hyicus – <a href="Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a></li>

<li>S. lentus – goats, <a href="Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>, <a href="Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a></li>

<li>S. lugdunensis – humans, goats</li>

<li>S. lutrae – <a href="Otter" title="Otter">otters</a></li>

<li>S. microti – voles (<a href="Microtus_arvalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtus arvalis">Microtus arvalis</a>)</li>

<li>S. nepalensis – goats</li>

<li>S. pasteuri – humans, goats</li>

<li>S. pettenkoferi – humans</li>

<li>S. pseudintermedius – dogs</li>

<li>S. rostri – <a href="Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a></li>

<li>S. schleiferi – humans</li>

<li>S. sciuri – humans, dogs, goats</li>

<li>S. simiae – South American squirrel monkeys (<a href="Saimiri_sciureus" class="mw-redirect" title="Saimiri sciureus">Saimiri sciureus</a>)</li>

<li>S. simulans – humans</li>

<li>S. warneri – humans, <a href="Cercopithecoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Cercopithecoidea">Cercopithecoidea</a>, <a href="Pongidae" title="Pongidae">Pongidae</a></li>

<li>S. xylosus – humans</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Populations_at_risk_for_Staphylococcus_aureus_infection">Populations at risk for Staphylococcus aureus infection</h3></div>

It is said that anyone can develop a staph infection, although certain groups of people are at greater risk, including people with chronic conditions such as diabetes, cancer, vascular disease, eczema, lung disease, and people who inject drugs. In healthcare facilities, the risk of more serious staph infection is higher because many patients have weakened immune systems or have undergone procedures. In healthcare, the risk of more serious staph infection is higher for patients in intensive care units (ICUs), patients who have undergone certain types of surgeries and patients with medical devices inserted in their bodies.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>

Staphylococcus aureus has emerged as a leading agent of <a href="Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>. It facilitates factors such as tissue adhesion, immune evasion, and host cell injury. In the bloodstream, these factors cause inflammation, impair immune cell function, alter coagulation, and compromise vascular integrity. When left untreated, S. aureus triggers pathophysiologic disturbances that are further amplified by the host inflammatory response, culminating in the severe clinical manifestations of sepsis and <a href="Septic_shock" title="Septic shock">septic shock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical">Clinical</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Staphylococcal_infection" title="Staphylococcal infection">Staphylococcal infection</a></div>

Staphylococcus can cause a wide variety of diseases in humans and animals through either toxin production or penetration. Staphylococcal toxins are a common cause of food poisoning, for they can be produced by bacteria growing in improperly stored food items. The most common <a href="Sialadenitis" title="Sialadenitis">sialadenitis</a> is caused by staphylococci, as bacterial infections.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Staphylococci break down <a href="Leucine" title="Leucine">leucine</a> into <a href="3-Methylbutanoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="3-Methylbutanoic acid">isovaleric acid</a>, the main odor of foot odor.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>

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<ul><li><a href="Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus">Methicillin-resistant S. aureus</a> (MRSA)</li>

<li><a href="Vancomycin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus">Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus</a> (VRSA)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Staphylococcus" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Staphylococcus">Staphylococcus</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li>

<li> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Staphylococcus" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Staphylococcus">Staphylococcus</a> at Wikispecies</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patricbrc.org/view/Taxonomy/1279#view_tab=overview">Staphylococcus</a> genomes and related information at <a href="PATRIC" title="PATRIC">PATRIC</a>, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by <a href="NIAID" class="mw-redirect" title="NIAID">NIAID</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199695" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q199695">Q199695</a></li>

<li><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Staphylococcus">Staphylococcus</a></li>

<li><a href="EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1STAPG">1STAPG</a></li>

<li><a href="INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/337774">337774</a></li>

<li><a href="Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1032605">1032605</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature" title="List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature">LPSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/staphylococcus">staphylococcus</a></li>

<li>SeqCode Registry: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seqco.de/i:19784">19784</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=416009">416009</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199695#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1994" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199695#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1994" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85127364">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119753350">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119753350">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560928">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph903844&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX532383">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000207143&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007531597205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/60d8f4f4-21c0-4cca-a727-81bac9e83510">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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